Parameter: λ₁₂ Identified

Algebraic Equations:

σ₁₁λ₁₂-σ₁₂

Single Door Criterion:

{1} ⊥ {2} | {}

Parameter: λ₁₃

Parameter: λ₁₄

Parameter: λ₂₃

Parameter: λ₂₄

Parameter: ω₁₁ Identified

Algebraic Equations:

-σ₁₁+ω₁₁

Parameter: ω₂₂ Identified

Algebraic Equations:

σ₁₂²-σ₁₁σ₂₂+σ₁₁ω₂₂

Parameter: ω₂₃

Parameter: ω₂₄

Parameter: ω₃₃

Parameter: ω₃₄

Parameter: ω₄₄

Total Effect of X₁ on X₃: λ₁₂λ₂₃+λ₁₃ Identified

Algebraic Equations:

σ₁₁λ₁₂λ₂₃+σ₁₁λ₁₃-σ₁₃

Back Door Criterion:

{1} ⊥ {2,3,4} | {}

Path-specific Effect of X₁ on X₃: λ₁₂λ₂₃

Total Effect of X₁ on X₄: λ₁₂λ₂₄+λ₁₄ Identified

Algebraic Equations:

σ₁₁λ₁₂λ₂₄+σ₁₁λ₁₄-σ₁₄

Back Door Criterion:

{1} ⊥ {2,3,4} | {}

Path-specific Effect of X₁ on X₄: λ₁₂λ₂₄

Vanishing Ideal

Zero Vanishing Ideal