Parameter: λ₁₂

Parameter: λ₁₄

Parameter: λ₂₃ Identified

Algebraic Equations:

σ₂₄λ₂₃-σ₃₄,
σ₁₂λ₂₃-σ₁₃

Instrumental Variable:

1 | {}
1 | {4}
4 | {}
4 | {1}

Parameter: ω₁₁ Identified

Algebraic Equations:

-σ₁₁+ω₁₁

Parameter: ω₁₂

Parameter: ω₁₄

Parameter: ω₂₂

Parameter: ω₂₃ Identified

Algebraic Equations:

-σ₂₃σ₂₄+σ₂₂σ₃₄+σ₂₄ω₂₃,
σ₁₃σ₂₂-σ₁₂σ₂₃+σ₁₂ω₂₃

Parameter: ω₂₄

Parameter: ω₃₃ Identified

Algebraic Equations:

-σ₂₄²σ₃₃+2σ₂₃σ₂₄σ₃₄-σ₂₂σ₃₄²+σ₂₄²ω₃₃,
-σ₁₂σ₂₄σ₃₃-σ₁₃σ₂₂σ₃₄+2σ₁₂σ₂₃σ₃₄+σ₁₂σ₂₄ω₃₃,
-σ₁₃²σ₂₂+2σ₁₂σ₁₃σ₂₃-σ₁₂²σ₃₃+σ₁₂²ω₃₃

Parameter: ω₄₄

Total Effect of X₁ on X₃: λ₁₂λ₂₃

Vanishing Ideal

Constraint Set:

σ₁₃σ₂₄-σ₁₂σ₃₄

All constraints are determinantal

Trek-separation:

{2,3} ⊥ {1,4} | ({2},{})