Parameter: λ₁₂

Parameter: λ₁₄

Parameter: λ₂₄ Identified

Algebraic Equations:

σ₂₃λ₂₄-σ₃₄

Instrumental Variable:

3 | {}
3 | {1}

Parameter: ω₁₁ Identified

Algebraic Equations:

-σ₁₁+ω₁₁

Parameter: ω₁₂

Parameter: ω₁₄

Parameter: ω₂₂

Parameter: ω₂₃ Identified

Algebraic Equations:

-σ₂₃+ω₂₃

Parameter: ω₃₃ Identified

Algebraic Equations:

-σ₃₃+ω₃₃

Parameter: ω₄₄

Total Effect of X₁ on X₄: λ₁₂λ₂₄+λ₁₄

Path-specific Effect of X₁ on X₄: λ₁₂λ₂₄

Vanishing Ideal

Constraint Set:

σ₁₃

All constraints are determinantal

Trek-separation:

{1} ⊥ {3} | ({},{})