Parameter: λ₁₂

Parameter: λ₂₃ Identified

Algebraic Equations:

σ₁₂λ₂₃-σ₁₃

Instrumental Variable:

1 | {}
1 | {4}

Parameter: ω₁₁ Identified

Algebraic Equations:

-σ₁₁+ω₁₁

Parameter: ω₁₂

Parameter: ω₂₂

Parameter: ω₂₃ Identified

Algebraic Equations:

σ₁₃σ₂₂-σ₁₂σ₂₃+σ₁₂ω₂₃

Parameter: ω₃₃ Identified

Algebraic Equations:

-σ₁₃²σ₂₂+2σ₁₂σ₁₃σ₂₃-σ₁₂²σ₃₃+σ₁₂²ω₃₃

Parameter: ω₄₄ Identified

Algebraic Equations:

-σ₄₄+ω₄₄

Total Effect of X₁ on X₃: λ₁₂λ₂₃

Vanishing Ideal

Constraint Set:

σ₃₄,
σ₂₄,
σ₁₄

All constraints are determinantal

Trek-separation:

{1,2,3} ⊥ {4} | ({},{})
{2,3} ⊥ {1,4} | ({2},{})
{1,2,3} ⊥ {3,4} | ({},{3})
{1,2,3} ⊥ {2,4} | ({},{2})
{1,2,3} ⊥ {1,4} | ({},{1})
{1,2,3} ⊥ {2,3,4} | ({},{2,3})
{1,2,3} ⊥ {1,3,4} | ({},{1,3})
{1,2,3} ⊥ {1,2,4} | ({},{1,2})