Parameter: λ₁₃

Parameter: λ₁₄

Parameter: λ₂₃ Identified

Algebraic Equations:

σ₂₂λ₂₃-σ₂₃

Single Door Criterion:

{2} ⊥ {1,3,4} | {}
{2} ⊥ {3,4} | {1}

Parameter: λ₃₄ Identified

Algebraic Equations:

σ₂₃λ₃₄-σ₂₄

Instrumental Variable:

2 | {}
2 | {1}

Parameter: ω₁₁ Identified

Algebraic Equations:

-σ₁₁+ω₁₁

Parameter: ω₁₃

Parameter: ω₁₄

Parameter: ω₂₂ Identified

Algebraic Equations:

-σ₂₂+ω₂₂

Parameter: ω₃₃

Parameter: ω₃₄

Parameter: ω₄₄

Total Effect of X₁ on X₄: λ₁₃λ₃₄+λ₁₄

Path-specific Effect of X₁ on X₄: λ₁₃λ₃₄

Total Effect of X₂ on X₄: λ₂₃λ₃₄ Identified

Each Parameter Identified

Back Door Criterion:


{2} ⊥ {1,3,4} | {}
{2} ⊥ {3,4} | {1}

Vanishing Ideal

Constraint Set:

σ₁₂

All constraints are determinantal

Trek-separation:

{1} ⊥ {2} | ({},{})