Parameter: λ₁₃

Parameter: λ₂₃

Parameter: λ₂₄

Parameter: λ₃₄

Parameter: ω₁₁ Identified

Algebraic Equations:

-σ₁₁+ω₁₁

Parameter: ω₁₃

Parameter: ω₁₄

Parameter: ω₂₂ Identified

Algebraic Equations:

-σ₂₂+ω₂₂

Parameter: ω₂₃

Parameter: ω₂₄

Parameter: ω₃₃

Parameter: ω₄₄

Total Effect of X₁ on X₄: λ₁₃λ₃₄

Total Effect of X₂ on X₄: λ₂₃λ₃₄+λ₂₄

Path-specific Effect of X₂ on X₄: λ₂₃λ₃₄

Vanishing Ideal

Constraint Set:

σ₁₂

All constraints are determinantal

Trek-separation:

{1} ⊥ {2} | ({},{})